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The article provides a comprehensive historical and legal analysis of the process of formation and evolution of law enforcement activities of Russian law enforcement agencies from the period of Ancient Russia to the beginning of the XX century. The purpose of the study is to identify systemic problems and patterns in the development of police institutions in Russia. Based on a retrospective analysis of regulatory legal acts and scientific literature, the authors trace the process of institutionalization, expansion of competence and attempts to reform the police. The research is based on the principles of historicism, consistency and objectivity, using comparative legal and formal legal methods. As a result, it has been established that the key problem of the Russian police throughout its history has been chronic overloading with unusual functions, with chronic underfunding and low human resources. The study revealed the cyclical nature of reforms, their fragmented nature, as well as a steady trend towards militarization of the police apparatus in times of crisis. A discussion of the results suggests that many of the systemic dysfunctions of the pre-revolutionary police have analogues in the modern law enforcement system, which indicates the need to take historical experience into account when carrying out modern reforms. The scientific novelty of the work lies in an integrated approach to analyzing the effectiveness of police reforms through the prism of their adequacy to the challenges of the time. The article may be useful for legal historians, lawyers, civil servants and anyone who is interested in the development of the law enforcement system.
police, law enforcement agencies, law enforcement, historical and legal analysis, reforms, Russian Empire, efficiency, institutionalization
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